Trusting in Machines: How Mode of Interaction Affects Willingness to Share Personal Information with Machines

Every day, people make decisions about whether to trust machines with their personal information, such as letting a phone track one’s location. How do people decide whether to trust a machine? In a field experiment, we tested how two modes of interaction-”expression modality, whether the person is talking or typing to a machine, and response modality, whether the machine is talking or typing back-”influence the willingness to trust a machine. Based on research that expressing oneself verbally reduces self-control compared to nonverbal expression, we predicted that talking to a machine might make people more willing to share their personal information. Based on research on the link between anthropomorphism and trust, we further predicted that machines who talked (versus texted) would seem more human-like and be trusted more. Using a popular chatterbot phone application, we randomly assigned over 300 community members to either talk or type to the phone, which either talked or typed in return. We then measured how much participants anthropomorphized the machine and their willingness to share their personal information (e.g., their location, credit card information) with it. Results revealed that talking made people more willing to share their personal information than texting, and this was robust to participants’ self-reported comfort with technology, age, gender, and conversation characteristics. But listening to the application’s voice did not affect anthropomorphism or trust compared to reading its text. We conclude by considering the theoretical and practical implications of this experiment for understanding how people trust machines

Aplicação de metodologias ágeis e colaborativas com foco em gamificação no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos tradicional

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Joinville, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciências Mecânicas, Joinville, 2021.Em um mercado cada vez mais exigente e com forte concorrência que proporcionam um aumento da variedade de produtos e em menor tempo, o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos torna-se fator chave de competitividade mercadológica. Sendo assim o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos precisa se reinventar para atender estas novas necessidades, a fim de garantir a entrega de um produto que atenda às necessidades do cliente e com a agilidade que o mercado exige. Atualmente na indústria de produtos físicos, se utiliza metodologias consideradas tradicionais, com processos estruturados por meio de etapas, as quais devem ser executadas de forma sistemática, onde a validação ou o teste do conceito é realizada quando uma grande quantidade de recursos já foi empregada, uma das oportunidades de melhoria identificadas neste processo, é validar os conceitos de forma mais rápida e eficiente. Neste sentido, as empresas do setor de tecnologia da informação iniciaram um processo de desenvolvimento diferenciado chamado de ágil, visto que tem como foco a agilidade das entregas e na validação rápida pelo usuário. Neste âmbito, este trabalho realizou uma aplicação de metodologias ágeis e colaborativas com ênfase na gamificação, no processo de desenvolvimento de produtos tradicional na fase de conceituação de um novo produto. Com o objetivo de compreender os impactos que as metodologias ágeis Design Sprint, Hackathon e a gamificação, trouxeram para o processo e analisar as vantagens e desvantagens da aplicação de metodologias ágeis no processo de criação e desenvolvimento do conceito de produto ou serviço. Desta forma, foi realizado um estudo de caso precedido pela pesquisa bibliográfica, a qual buscou mostrar o estado da arte deste tema. Como resultado, neste trabalho foi possível perceber o impacto positivo do envolvimento do cliente desde o início do processo de desenvolvimento, a busca de uma solução eficaz que atendas as necessidades do cliente de forma plena e o comprometimento dos participantes gerando um engajamento maior em relação aos projetos executados de forma tradicional. A aplicação gerou um grande número de informações que puderam ser utilizadas para novos projetos, a identificação de tendências futuras do negócio, a entrega de três propostas de conceitos finais validados pelo consumidor, e um protótipo funcional. Desta forma foi demonstrado que se pode utilizar novos processos para a criação de um conceito dentro do processo de desenvolvimento de produtos, que tornou o processo mais rápido, eficiente e assertivo.Abstract: In an increasingly demanding market and with strong competition that provides an increase in product variety and in less time, the product development process becomes a key factor of market competitiveness. Therefore, the product development process needs to reinvent itself to meet these new needs, in order to guarantee the delivery of a product that meets the customer's needs and with the agility that the market demands. Currently in the physical products industry, traditional methodologies are used, with processes structured by stages, which must be executed in a systematic way, where the concept validation or testing is performed when a large amount of resources have already been employed. One of the opportunities for improvement identified in this process is to validate the concepts in a faster and more efficient way. In this sense, companies in the information technology sector have started a differentiated development process called agile, since it focuses on the agility of the deliveries and on the fast validation by the user. In this context, this work carried out an application of agile and collaborative methodologies with emphasis on gamification, in the traditional product development process in the conceptualization phase of a new product. The objective was to understand the impacts that Design Sprint, Hackathon, and gamification brought to the process. Thus, a case study was conducted preceded by bibliographic research, which sought to show the state of the art of this theme. As a result, in this work it was possible to notice the positive impact of the customer's involvement from the beginning of the development process, the search for an effective solution that fully meets the customer's needs, and the commitment of the participants, generating greater engagement in relation to projects executed in a traditional way. The application generated a large amount of information that could be used for new projects, the identification of future business trends, the delivery of three final concept proposals validated by the consumer, and a functional prototype. In this way it was demonstrated that new processes can be used for the creation of a concept within the product development process, which made the process faster, more efficient, and assertive

Handshaking Promotes Cooperative Dealmaking

Humans use subtle sources of information—like nonverbal behavior—to determine whether to act cooperatively or antagonistically when they negotiate. Handshakes are particularly consequential nonverbal gestures in negotiations because people feel comfortable initiating negotiations with them and believe they signal cooperation (Study 1). We show that handshakes increase cooperative behaviors, affecting outcomes for integrative and distributive negotiations. In two studies with MBA students, pairs who shook hands before integrative negotiations obtained higher joint outcomes (Studies 2a and 2b). Pairs randomly assigned to shake hands were more likely to openly reveal their preferences on trade-off issues, which improved joint outcomes (Study 3). In a fourth study using a distributive negotiation, pairs of executives assigned to shake hands were less likely to lie about their preferences and crafted agreements that split the bargaining zone more equally. Together, these studies show that handshaking promotes the adoption of cooperative strategies and influences negotiation outcomes

A (Creative) Portrait of the Uncertain Individual: Self-Uncertainty and Individualism Enhance Creative Generation

Building on findings that self-uncertainty motivates attempts to restore certainty about the self, particularly in ways that highlight one’s distinctiveness from others, we show that self-uncertainty, relative to uncertainty in general, increases creative generation among individualists. In Studies 1 to 3, high (but not low) individualists performed better on a creative generation task after being primed with self-uncertainty as opposed to general uncertainty. In Study 4, this effect emerged only among those who were told that the task measured creative as opposed to analytical thinking, suggesting that the positive effects of self-uncertainty on performance are specific to tasks that bolster perceptions of uniqueness. In Study 5, self-uncertain individualists experienced a restoration of self-clarity after being induced to think about themselves as more (vs. less) creative. Implications for compensatory responses to self-uncertainty and factors that influence creativity are discussed

BKV-infection in kidney graft dysfunction

AbstractIntroductionBKV nephropathy (BKN) causes kidney graft loss, whose specific diagnosis is invasive and might be predicted by the early detection of active viral infection.ObjectiveDetermine the BKV-infection prevalence in late kidney graft dysfunction by urinary decoy cell (DC) and viral DNA detection in urine (viruria) and blood (viremia; active infection).MethodsKidney recipients with >1 month follow-up and creatinine >1.5mg/dL and/or recent increasing >20% (n=120) had their urine and blood tested for BKV by semi-nested PCR, DC searching, and graft biopsy. PCR-positive patients were classified as 1+, 2+, 3+. DC, viruria and viremia prevalence, sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratio (LR) were determined (Table 2×2). Diagnosis efficacy of DC and viruria were compared to viremia.ResultsDC prevalence was 25%, viruria 61.7%, and viremia 42.5%. Positive and negative patients in each test had similar clinical, immunossupressive, and histopathological characteristics. There was no case of viremia with chronic allograft nephropathy and, under treatment with sirolimus, patients had a lower viruria prevalence (p=0.043). Intense viruria was the single predictive test for active infection (3+; LR = 2.8).1,6-4,9ConclusionDC, BKV-viruria and -viremia are commun findings under late kidney graft dysfunction. Viremia could only be predicted by intense viruria. These results should be considered under the context of BKN confirmation

ENSINO DE GEOGRAFIA PARA SURDOS: UMA QUESTÃO DE LÍNGUA E LINGUAGEM

Muitas discussões e desafios que envolvem o ensino para surdos vêm sendo realizadas no campo das licenciaturas e, consequentemente, na Geografia. Para os professores que trabalham nesta área, a Língua de Sinais Brasileira (Libras) é fundamental para o despertar de ideias, de questionamentos, de reflexões e de transformações junto aos alunos surdos. A partir disso, o texto aborda a relevância do conhecimento e da utilização da Libras e dos sinais específicos da Geografia no contexto do ensino de surdos, tendo em vista os deslocamentos ocorridos, também, na Geografia escolar. O tema é relevante diante dos debates, das políticas públicas e dos direitos relacionados aos campos da Educação Especial, da Educação de Surdos e da Educação Inclusiva que se tornam cada vez mais visíveis em nossa sociedade. Assim, a partir de levantamento bibliográfico, apresentamos uma reflexão relativa à importância de conhecimentos relacionados à Libras para o ensino de Geografia para surdos. Nosso objetivo tem a ver com o tensionamento de didáticas, especialmente, na Geografia enquanto matéria escolar. Diante disto, observamos que é necessário investimento, por parte de profissionais, no sentido de compreenderem que a Libras e seus sinais específicos geográficos são fundamentais para um ensino de Geografia que prioriza a visão crítica do espaço

Brazilian adults’ attitudes and practices regarding the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination and their hesitancy towards childhood vaccination

Background: This study investigated the attitudes and practices of Brazilian adults regarding the mandatory COVID-19 vaccination and their hesitancy towards the vaccination of children. Methods: Between March and May 2022, Brazilian adults answered an online questionnaire distributed through social media. The SAGE-WG questionnaire was adapted to measure hesitancy to the vaccination of children. Results: Of the 1007 participants, 67.4% believed that adult COVID-19 vaccination should be mandatory. Just over half of the participants (51.5%) believed that parents and/or guardians should decide if their children should be vaccinated against COVID-19 or not and 9.1% were unsure. Individuals who were younger, non-religious and had higher awareness of COVID-19 risks and critics of the federal government’s performance in combating the pandemic were more likely to agree with mandatory adult vaccination. However, less agreement among parents and/or guardians concerning children’s vaccination was observed, with lower scores for hesitancy to the vaccination of children. Conclusion: In Brazil, there is still far from a consensus on mandatory COVID-19 vaccination for adults and a significant proportion of the population believes that parents and/or guardians should be free to decide on their children’s vaccination. These views are associated with age, religion, knowledge of COVID-19 risks and political inclination

Computational ethics

Technological advances are enabling roles for machines that present novel ethical challenges. The study of 'AI ethics' has emerged to confront these challenges, and connects perspectives from philosophy, computer science, law, and economics. Less represented in these interdisciplinary efforts is the perspective of cognitive science. We propose a framework – computational ethics – that specifies how the ethical challenges of AI can be partially addressed by incorporating the study of human moral decision-making. The driver of this framework is a computational version of reflective equilibrium (RE), an approach that seeks coherence between considered judgments and governing principles. The framework has two goals: (i) to inform the engineering of ethical AI systems, and (ii) to characterize human moral judgment and decision-making in computational terms. Working jointly towards these two goals will create the opportunity to integrate diverse research questions, bring together multiple academic communities, uncover new interdisciplinary research topics, and shed light on centuries-old philosophical questions.publishedVersio

Health related quality of life measure in systemic pediatric rheumatic diseases and its translation to different languages: an international collaboration

Background: Rheumatic diseases in children are associated with significant morbidity and poor health-related quality of life (HRQOL). There is no health-related quality of life (HRQOL) scale available specifically for children with less common rheumatic diseases. These diseases share several features with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) such as their chronic episodic nature, multi-systemic involvement, and the need for immunosuppressive medications. HRQOL scale developed for pediatric SLE will likely be applicable to children with systemic inflammatory diseases.Findings: We adapted Simple Measure of Impact of Lupus Erythematosus in Youngsters (SMILEY (c)) to Simple Measure of Impact of Illness in Youngsters (SMILY (c)-Illness) and had it reviewed by pediatric rheumatologists for its appropriateness and cultural suitability. We tested SMILY (c)-Illness in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases and then translated it into 28 languages. Nineteen children (79% female, n= 15) and 17 parents participated. the mean age was 12 +/- 4 years, with median disease duration of 21 months (1-172 months). We translated SMILY (c)-Illness into the following 28 languages: Danish, Dutch, French (France), English (UK), German (Germany), German (Austria), German (Switzerland), Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese (Brazil), Slovene, Spanish (USA and Puerto Rico), Spanish (Spain), Spanish (Argentina), Spanish (Mexico), Spanish (Venezuela), Turkish, Afrikaans, Arabic (Saudi Arabia), Arabic (Egypt), Czech, Greek, Hindi, Hungarian, Japanese, Romanian, Serbian and Xhosa.Conclusion: SMILY (c)-Illness is a brief, easy to administer and score HRQOL scale for children with systemic rheumatic diseases. It is suitable for use across different age groups and literacy levels. SMILY (c)-Illness with its available translations may be used as useful adjuncts to clinical practice and research.Rutgers State Univ, Robert Wood Johnson Med Sch, New Brunswick, NJ 08903 USARutgers State Univ, Child Hlth Inst New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USAHosp Special Surg, New York, NY 10021 USAUniv Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USARed Cross War Mem Childrens Hosp, Cape Town, South AfricaAin Shams Univ, Pediat Allergy Immunol & Rheumatol Unit, Cairo, EgyptAin Shams Univ, Pediat Rheumatol Pediat Allergy Immunol & Rheum, Cairo, EgyptKing Faisal Specialist Hosp & Res Ctr, Riyadh 11211, Saudi ArabiaCharles Univ Prague, Prague, Czech RepublicGen Univ Hosp, Prague, Czech RepublicUniv Hosp Motol, Dept Pediat, Prague, Czech RepublicAarhus Univ, Hosp Skejby, Aarhus, DenmarkRigshosp, Juliane Marie Ctr, DK-2100 Copenhagen, DenmarkUniv Med Ctr, Dept Pediat Immunol, Utrecht, NetherlandsWilhelmina Childrens Hosp, Utrecht, NetherlandsGreat Ormond St Hosp Sick Children, Children NHS Fdn Trust, Renal Unit, London, EnglandLyon Univ, Hosp Civils Lyon, Rheumatol & Dermatol Dept, Lyon, FranceMed Univ Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, AustriaPrim Univ Doz, Bregenz, AustriaHamburg Ctr Pediat & Adolescence Rheumatol, Hamburg, GermanyAsklepios Clin Sankt, Augustin, GermanyUniv Zurich, Childrens Hosp, Zurich, SwitzerlandAristotle Univ Thessaloniki, Pediat Immunol & Rheumatol Referral Ctr, GR-54006 Thessaloniki, GreeceIsrael Meir Hosp, Kefar Sava, IsraelSanjay Gandhi Postgrad Inst Med Sci, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaSemmelweis Univ, H-1085 Budapest, HungaryAnna Meyer Hosp, Florence, ItalyUniv Siena, Res Ctr System Autoimmune & Autoinflammatory Dis, I-53100 Siena, ItalyUniv Florence, Florence, ItalyOsped Pediat Bambino Gesu, IRCCS, Pediat Rheumatol Unit, Rome, ItalyUniv Genoa Pediat II Reumatol, Ist G Gaslini EULAR, Ctr Excellence Rheumatol, Genoa, ItalyUniv Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Inst Pediat, Rome, ItalyUniv Padua, Dept Pediat, Pediat Rheumatol Unit, Padua, ItalyYokohama City Univ, Sch Med, Yokohama, Kanagawa 232, JapanUniv Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilUniv Estadual Campinas, Dept Med, Campinas, SP, BrazilUniv Fed Rio de Janeiro, Dept Pediat, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv Estado do, Adolescent Hlth Care Unit, Div Pediat Rheumatol, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilUniv São Paulo, Fac Med, Childrens Inst, Dept Pediat,Pediat Rheumatol Unit, São Paulo, BrazilChildrens Inst, Pediat Rheumatol Unit, São Paulo, BrazilClin Pediat I, Cluj Napoca, RomaniaInst Rheumatol, Belgrade, SerbiaUniv Childrens Hosp, Univ Med Ctr Ljubljana, Ljubljana, SloveniaHead Rheumatol Hosp Pedro Elizalde, Buenos Aires, DF, ArgentinaHosp Gen Mexico City, Mexico City, DF, MexicoHosp Infantil Mexico Fed Gomez, Mexico City, DF, MexicoHosp San Juan Dios, Barcelona, SpainHosp Univ Valle Hebron, Barcelona, SpainMt Sinai Med Ctr, New York, NY 10029 USAMt Sinai Med Ctr, Miami Beach, FL 33140 USAComplejo Hosp Univ Ruiz & Paez, Bolivar, VenezuelaHacettepe Univ, Dept Pediat, Ankara, TurkeyIstanbul Univ, Cerrahpasa Med Sch, Istanbul, TurkeyFMF Arthrit Vasculitis & Orphan Dis Res Ctr, Inst Hlth Sci, Ankara, TurkeyUniv Calgary, Dept Pediat, Alberta Childrens Hosp, Res Inst, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, CanadaUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Pediat, São Paulo, BrazilWeb of Scienc